Impact of an interventional bundle on complications associated with peripheral venous catheters in elderly patients.

PURPOSE: Elderly patients admitted to geriatrics departments often require peripheral venous catheters (PVC), which should be inserted and maintained following a series of preventive recommendations. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a training bundle comprising measures aimed at reducing complications associated with the use of PVC in elderly patients admitted to a tertiary teaching hospital. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of patients who received a PVC within 24 h of admission to a geriatrics department. After a 10-month pre-interventional period, we implemented an educational and interventional bundle over a 9-month period. Follow-up was until catheter withdrawal. We analyzed and compared clinical and microbiological data between both study periods. RESULTS: A total of 344 patients (475 PVC) were included (pre-intervention period, 204 patients (285 PVC); post-intervention period, 140 patients (190 PVC)). No statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics were observed between the study periods. The colonization and phlebitis rates per 1000 admissions in both periods were, respectively, 36.7 vs. 24.3 (p = 0.198) and 81.5 vs. 65.1 (p = 0.457). The main reason for catheter withdrawal was obstruction/malfunctioning (33.3%). Obstruction rate was higher for those inserted in the hand than for those inserted at other sites (55.7% vs. 44.3%, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: We found no statistically significant differences regarding phlebitis and catheter tip colonization rates. It is necessary to carry out randomized studies assessing the most cost-effective measure to reduce complications associated with PVC.

Infectious complications following major heart surgery from the day of the surgery to hospital discharge.

BACKGROUND: At some point in their lives, many people will require major heart surgery (MHS). Patients are generally older adults with various risk factors for infection. However, the incidence of infection after MHS is poorly known, as reported infection data are frequently biased due to different factors like the surgical procedure, postoperative timing, and infectious syndromes or etiologic agents, among others. In addition, most patient data are retrospectively obtained. PURPOSE AND METHODS: Data were prospectively collected regarding the incidence of all nosocomial infections produced from the time of surgery to hospital discharge in a cohort of 800 adults consecutively undergoing a MHS procedure. RESULTS: During postoperative hospitalization, 124 of the 800 participants developed one or more infections (15.5%): during their ICU stay in 68 patients (54.8%), during their stay on the general ward post ICU in 50 (40.3%), and during their stay in both wards in 6 (4.8%). The most common infections were pneumonia (related or not to mechanical ventilation), surgical site and bloodstream. As etiological agents, 193 pathogens were isolated: mostly Gram-negative bacilli (54.4%), followed by Gram-positive bacteria (30%), viruses (4.6%) and fungi (1.5%). In our cohort, all-cause mortality was recorded in 33 participants (4.1%) and 9 infection-related deaths (1.1%) were produced. Among subjects who developed infections, overall mortality was 13.7% and in those who did not, this was only 2.3%. CONCLUSION: Infection following MHS remains frequent and severe. Our data suggest that hospital-acquired infection studies should consider episodes of infection in all populations during their entire hospital stay and not only those related to specific clinical syndromes or acquired while the patient is in intensive care.

Cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19: A point prevalence study in a general hospital / Reactivación de citomegalovirus en pacientes diagnosticados de COVID-19 grave: Un estudio de prevalencia en un hospital general

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of CMV reactivation in a population admitted for severe COVID-19 to a general hospital. Methods: Point prevalence study in all hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 (admitted either to general wards or ICU). Determination of the presence of CMV DNA in circulating blood. COVID-19 was confirmed in patients with compatible clinical manifestations, usually with pneumonia and a positive nasopharyngeal PCR test. Results: We included 140 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who consented to participate. A total of 16 patients (11.42%), had circulating CMV-DNA in peripheral blood at the time of the study. Patients with positive CMV viral load were mainly ICU patients (11/37 -29,7%) and only 5/103 cases (4,85%) were hospitalized into general wards. The accumulated doses of corticosteroids (prednisone equivalents) in the study day were (median and IQR) 987.50 mg (396.87-2,454.68) and 187.50 mg (75.00-818.12) respectively in CMV positive and negative patients (p < 0.001). A significant proportion of CMV positive patients were discovered because of the study and were clinically unsuspected by their physicians. The coinfected COVID-CMV positive population had a higher risk of accumulated secondary nosocomially-acquired infections and a worse prognosis. Conclusion: CMV reactivation should be systematically searched in patients in COVID-19 cases admitted to the ICU. (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de reactivación del CMV en una población ingresada por COVID-19 grave en un hospital general. Métodos: Estudio de prevalencia en todos los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 (ingresados en salas generales o UCI). Determinación de la presencia de ADN de CMV en sangre. COVID-19 fue confirmado en pacientes con manifestaciones clínicas compatibles, generalmente con neumonía y una prueba de PCR nasofaríngea positiva. Resultados: Se incluyeron 140 pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 que firmaron el consentimiento. Un total de 16 pacientes (11,42%), tenían ADN-CMV circulante en sangre periférica en el momento del estudio. Los pacientes con carga viral CMV positiva eran principalmente pacientes de UCI 11/37 (29,7%) y solo 5/103 casos (4,85%) fueron hospitalizados en salas generaleres. Las dosis acumuladas de corticoides (equivalentes de prednisona), en el día del estudio fueron (mediana y RIQ) 987,50 mg (396,87-2.454,68) y 187,50 mg (75,00-818,12) respectivamente en pacientes con CMV positivo y negativo (p< 0,001). Una proporción significativa de pacientes con CMV positivos fueron descubiertos debido al estudio y fueron clínicamente insospechados por sus médicos. La población coinfectada con COVID-CMV positivo tuvo un mayor riesgo de infecciones nosocomiales secundarias acumuladas y un peor pronóstico. Conclusión: La reactivación de CMV debe buscarse sistemáticamente en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en la UCI. (AU)

Production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus: Association with infective endocarditis?

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known biofilm-producing pathogen that is capable of causing chronic infections owing to its ability to resist antibiotic treatment and obstruct the immune response. However, the possible association between high biofilm production and infective endocarditis (IE) has not been assessed. Our objective was to compare production of biofilm by S. aureus strains isolated from patients with bacteremia and IE, catheter-related bloodstream infection (C-RBSI), or non-device associated bacteremia. METHODS: We isolated 260 S. aureus strains from the blood of patients with bacteremia who were diagnosed during hospital admission between 2012 and 2015. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to whether they had IE, C-RBSI, or non-device associated bacteremia. Biofilm production was measured in terms of biomass and metabolic activity using the crystal violet and XTT assays, respectively. High biomass and metabolic activity rates (based on tertile ranks classification) were compared between the 3 groups. RESULTS: The high biomass and metabolic activity rates of each group were 41.9% and 37.2% for IE, 32.5% and 35.0%, for C-RBSI, and 29.0% and 33.3% for non-device associated bacteremia (p=0.325 and p=0.885, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: High biomass and metabolic activity levels for S. aureus isolates from IE were similar to those of S. aureus isolates from C-RBSI or non-device associated bacteremia.

Production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus: Association with infective endocarditis? / Producción de biofilm en Staphylococcus aureus: ¿Asociación con endocarditis infecciosa?

Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known biofilm-producing pathogen that is capable of causing chronic infections owing to its ability to resist antibiotic treatment and obstruct the immune response. However, the possible association between high biofilm production and infective endocarditis (IE) has not been assessed. Our objective was to compare production of biofilm by S. aureus strains isolated from patients with bacteremia and IE, catheter-related bloodstream infection (C-RBSI), or non-device associated bacteremia. Methods: We isolated 260 S. aureus strains from the blood of patients with bacteremia who were diagnosed during hospital admission between 2012 and 2015. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to whether they had IE, C-RBSI, or non-device associated bacteremia. Biofilm production was measured in terms of biomass and metabolic activity using the crystal violet and XTT assays, respectively. High biomass and metabolic activity rates (based on tertile ranks classification) were compared between the 3 groups. Results: The high biomass and metabolic activity rates of each group were 41.9% and 37.2% for IE, 32.5% and 35.0%, for C-RBSI, and 29.0% and 33.3% for non-device associated bacteremia (p=0.325 and p=0.885, respectively). Conclusions: High biomass and metabolic activity levels for S. aureus isolates from IE were similar to those of S. aureus isolates from C-RBSI or non-device associated bacteremia.(AU)

Objetivos: Staphylococcus aureus es un conocido microorganismo productor de biofilm, capaz de causar infecciones crónicas debido a su capacidad de resistir el tratamiento antibiótico y dificultar la respuesta inmunitaria. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado la posible asociación entre una elevada producción de biofilm y la endocarditis infecciosa (EI). Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la producción de biofilm por parte de cepas de S.aureus aisladas de pacientes con bacteriemia y EI, bacteriemia relacionada con el catéter (BRC) o bacteriemia no asociada a dispositivos. Métodos: Se aislaron 260 cepas de S.aureus de sangre de pacientes con bacteriemia que fueron diagnosticados durante su ingreso hospitalario entre 2012 y 2015. Los pacientes se dividieron en tres grupos según tuvieran EI, BRC o bacteriemia no asociada a dispositivos. La producción de biofilm se midió en términos de biomasa y de actividad metabólica utilizando los ensayos de cristal violeta y XTT, respectivamente. Se compararon los índices de alta biomasa y actividad metabólica (basadas en clasificación por terciles) entre los tres grupos. Resultados: Los índices altos de biomasa y actividad metabólica de cada grupo fueron del 41,9 y del 37,2% para EI, del 32,5 y del 35,0% para BRC, y del 29,0 y del 33,3% para bacteriemia no asociada a dispositivos (p=0,325 y p=0,885, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Los niveles altos de biomasa y actividad metabólica de los aislados de S.aureus procedentes de EI fueron similares a los de los aislados de BRC o de bacteriemia no asociada a dispositivos.(AU)

High incidence of COVID-19 at nursing homes in Madrid, Spain, despite preventive measures / Elevada incidencia de COVID-19 en residenciasde ancianos en Madrid, España, a pesar de lasmedidas de prevención

Objective. To assess the impact of COVID-19 at nine nursing homes in Madrid, Spain, during the first wave of COVID-19infection and lockdown period when preventive measureswere taken to avoid transmission among residents.Methods. Nine hundred forty-two residents and 846 staffmembers from nine nursing homes participated in the study(April 18 to June 20, 2020). All participants were tested forSARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx by PCR and for IgG antibodiesdetection. Microbiological status at sampling was defined asactive infection (positive PCR ± presence of antibodies), pastinfection (negative PCR + presence of antibodies), or naïveparticipants (negative PCR + absence of antibodies).Results. Laboratory results helped classify the residents ashaving active infection (n=224; 23.8%), past infection (n=462;49.1%), or being naïve (n=256; 27.1%); staff members wereactively infected (n=127; 15.1%), had had a past infection(n=290; 34.2%), or were naïve (n=429; 50.7%). Overall, thepercentage of participants with COVID-19 was significantlyhigher in residents than in staff members (72.8% vs 49.2%;P=0.001). The clinical situation of residents vs staff at sampling was as follows: acute manifestations compatible withCOVID-19 (7.3% vs 3.9%; P<0.01) and no manifestations ofinfection (92.7% vs 96.0%; P<0.01). A large proportion of bothasymptomatic and symptomatic residents (69.4% vs 86.6%;P=0.015) had positive PCR results (mostly alongside positiveIgG determinations).Conclusions. COVID-19 affects 75% of the residents innursing homes in Madrid. The high impact in these settings, despite the strict restrictions adopted during the lockdown,demonstrates the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to cause outbreaks. (AU)

Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de la COVID-19 en nueve residencias de ancianos en Madrid (España) durante la primeraola de infección y el período de confinamiento, cuando se tomaron medidas preventivas para evitar la transmisión en estoscentros.Métodos. Se tomaron muestras de 942 residentes y 846miembros del personal de nueve residencias de ancianos (del18 de abril al 20 de junio de 2020). A todos los participantesse les realizó una prueba PCR en muestra nasofaríngea, y detección de anticuerpos IgG en sangre. El estado microbiológicoen el momento del muestreo se definió como infección activa(PCR positiva ± presencia de anticuerpos), infección pasada(PCR negativa + presencia de anticuerpos) o sin infección (PCRnegativa + ausencia de anticuerpos).Resultados. Los residentes tuvieron infección activa(n=224; 23,8%), infección pasada (n=462; 49,1%) o no infección (n=256; 27,1%); el personal presentó infección activa(n=127; 15,1%), infección pasada (n=290; 34,2%) o no tuvieron infección (n=429; 50,7%). En general, el porcentaje departicipantes con COVID-19 fue significativamente mayor entre los residentes que entre los miembros del personal (72,8%vs 49,2%; P=0,001). La situación clínica de los residentes vsel personal en el momento del muestreo fue: manifestacionesagudas compatibles con COVID-19 (7,3% vs 3,9%; P<0,01) ysin manifestaciones de infección (92,7% vs 96,0%; P<0,01).Una elevada proporción de residentes tanto asintomáticos como sintomáticos (69,4% vs 86,6%; P=0,015) tuvieron resultados positivos de PCR (principalmente junto con determinaciones positivas de IgG).Conclusiones. La COVID-19 afectó al 75% de los ancianos de las residencias de mayores de Madrid. El alto impactoen este entorno, a pesar de las estrictas restricciones adoptadas durante el confinamiento, demuestra la capacidad delSARS-CoV-2 para provocar brotes. (AU)

Production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus: Association with infective endocarditis?

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known biofilm-producing pathogen that is capable of causing chronic infections owing to its ability to resist antibiotic treatment and obstruct the immune response. However, the possible association between high biofilm production and infective endocarditis (IE) has not been assessed. Our objective was to compare production of biofilm by S. aureus strains isolated from patients with bacteremia and IE, catheter-related bloodstream infection (C-RBSI), or non-device associated bacteremia. METHODS: We isolated 260 S. aureus strains from the blood of patients with bacteremia who were diagnosed during hospital admission between 2012 and 2015. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to whether they had IE, C-RBSI, or non-device associated bacteremia. Biofilm production was measured in terms of biomass and metabolic activity using the crystal violet and XTT assays, respectively. High biomass and metabolic activity rates (based on tertile ranks classification) were compared between the 3 groups. RESULTS: The high biomass and metabolic activity rates of each group were 41.9% and 37.2% for IE, 32.5% and 35.0%, for C-RBSI, and 29.0% and 33.3% for non-device associated bacteremia (p=0.325 and p=0.885, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: High biomass and metabolic activity levels for S. aureus isolates from IE were similar to those of S. aureus isolates from C-RBSI or non-device associated bacteremia.

Endotracheal tubes coated with a broad-spectrum antibacterial ceragenin reduce bacterial biofilm in an in vitro bench top model.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections, caused mainly by bacterial/fungal biofilm. Therefore, it is necessary to develop preventive strategies to avoid biofilm formation based on new compounds. OBJECTIVES: We performed an in vitro study to compare the efficacy of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) coated with the ceragenin CSA-131 and that of uncoated ETTs against the biofilm of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Escherichia coli (EC) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA). METHODS: We applied an in vitro bench top model using coated and uncoated ETTs that were treated with three different clinical strains of PA, EC and SA for 5 days. After exposure to biofilm, ETTs were analysed for cfu count by culture of sonicate and total number of cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: The median (IQR) cfu/mL counts of PA, EC and SA in coated and uncoated ETTs were, respectively, as follows: 1.00 × 101 (0.0-3.3 × 102) versus 3.32 × 109 (6.6 × 108-3.8 × 109), P < 0.001; 0.0 (0.0-5.4 × 103) versus 1.32 × 106 (2.3 × 103-5.0 × 107), P < 0.001; and 8.1 × 105 (8.5 × 101-1.4 × 109) versus 2.7 × 108 (8.6 × 106-1.6 × 1011), P = 0.058. The median (IQR) total number of cells of PA, EC and SA in coated and non-coated ETTs were, respectively, as follows: 11.0 [5.5-not applicable (NA)] versus 87.9 (60.5-NA), P = 0.05; 9.1 (6.7-NA) versus 62.6 (42.0-NA), P = 0.05; and 97.7 (94.6-NA) versus 187.3 (43.9-NA), P = 0.827. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated significantly reduced biofilm formation in coated ETTs. However, the difference for SA was not statistically significant. Future clinical studies are needed to support our findings.

How should microbiology laboratories interpret cultures of the sonicate of closed needleless connectors? / ¿Cómo deben los laboratorios de microbiología interpretar los cultivos del «sonicado» de los conectores cerrados sin aguja?

Introduction: Our objective was to determine whether there is a cut-off in the needleless connectors’ (NCs) cultures that when combined with skin cultures it was as efficient as conventional superficial cultures to rule-out catheter colonization (CC) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). Methods: During 10 months, we collected samples and then we analyzed the validity values of skin+NCs cultures for CC and CRBSI considering the best cut-off showing at least >90% of specificity to have a high negative predictive value using a ROC curve. Results: We collected a total of 167 catheters. The optimal cut-off of NCs culture was 1000cfu/NC. The validity values for CC and CRBSI combining skin cultures and NCs cultures using the selected cut-off were, respectively: S, 42.9%/16.7%; SP, 83.6%/75.8%; PPV, 27.3%/2.5%; and NPV, 91.0%/96.0%. Conclusions: The combination of skin cultures and quantitative NCs cultures could be used for ruling-out CC and CRBSI.(AU)

Introducción: Nuestro objetivo fue determinar si existe un punto de corte en los cultivos de conectores sin aguja (NC) que, cuando se combina con cultivos de piel, sea tan eficiente como los cultivos superficiales convencionales para descartar colonización de catéter (CC) y bacteriemia relacionada con el catéter (BRC). Métodos: Durante 10 meses se coleccionaron muestras, y después se analizaron los valores de validez de los cultivos de piel + NC para CC y BRC considerando el mejor punto de corte aquel que mostrara al menos >90% de especificidad para tener un alto valor predictivo negativo usando una curva ROC. Resultados: Se estudiaron un total de 167 catéteres. El punto de corte óptimo del cultivo de NC fue de 1.000ufc/NC. Los valores de validez para CC y BRC combinando cultivos de piel y cultivos de NC utilizando el punto de corte seleccionado fueron, respectivamente: S: 42,9/16,7%; ES: 83,6/75,8%; VPP: 27,3/2,5% y VPN: 91,0/96,0%. Conclusiones: La combinación de cultivos de piel y cultivos cuantitativos de NC podría usarse para descartar CC y BRC.(AU)

How should microbiology laboratories interpret cultures of the sonicate of closed needleless connectors?

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to determine whether there is a cut-off in the needleless connectors' (NCs) cultures that when combined with skin cultures it was as efficient as conventional superficial cultures to rule-out catheter colonization (CC) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). METHODS: During 10 months, we collected samples and then we analyzed the validity values of skin+NCs cultures for CC and CRBSI considering the best cut-off showing at least >90% of specificity to have a high negative predictive value using a ROC curve. RESULTS: We collected a total of 167 catheters. The optimal cut-off of NCs culture was 1000cfu/NC. The validity values for CC and CRBSI combining skin cultures and NCs cultures using the selected cut-off were, respectively: S, 42.9%/16.7%; SP, 83.6%/75.8%; PPV, 27.3%/2.5%; and NPV, 91.0%/96.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of skin cultures and quantitative NCs cultures could be used for ruling-out CC and CRBSI.

Colonization of the nasal airways by Staphylococcus aureus on admission to a major heart surgery operating room: A real-world experience / Colonización nasal por Staphylococcus aureus en el ingreso quirúrgico para una cirugía cardíaca mayor: una experiencia en la práctica clínica real

INTRODUCTION: Nasal swab culture is used to identify Staphylococcus aureus colonization, as this is a major risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) in patients who are going to undergo major heart surgery (MHS). We determined nasal carriage of S. aureus in patients undergoing MHS by comparing the yield of a conventional culture with that of a rapid molecular test (Xpert(R) SA Nasal Complete, Cepheid). METHODS: From July 2015 to April 2017, all patients who were to undergo MHS were invited to participate in the study. We obtained two nasal cultures from each patient just before entering the operating room, independently of a previous test for the determination of nasal colonization by this microorganism performed before surgery. One swab was used for conventional culture in the microbiology laboratory, and the other was used for the rapid molecular test. We defined nasal colonization as the presence of a positive culture for S. aureus using either of the two techniques. All patients were followed up until hospital discharge or death. RESULTS: Overall, 57 out of 200 patients (28.5%) were colonized by S. aureus at the time of surgery. Thirty-three patients had both conventional culture- and PCR-positive results. Twenty-four patients had a negative culture and a positive PCR test. Only twenty-one percent (12/57) of colonized patients had undergone an attempt to decolonise before the surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of patients undergoing MHS are colonized by S. aureus in the nostrils on entering the operating room. New strategies to prevent SSI by this microorganism are needed. Rapid molecular tests immediately before MHS, followed by immediate decolonisation, must be evaluated

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los cultivos nasales se usan para identificar colonización por Staphylococcus aureus, ya que la colonización es un factor de riesgo para la infección de la herida quirúrgica en pacientes que van a ser sometidos a cirugía cardiaca mayor (CCM). En este trabajo, identificamos portadores de S. aureus en el momento quirúrgico en pacientes que van a ser sometidos a CCM, comparando el resultado del cultivo convencional con un test molecular rápido (Xpert(R) SA Nasal Complete, Cepheid). MÉTODOS: Desde julio del 2015 hasta abril del 2017, a todos los pacientes que iban a ser intervenidos con CCM se les invitó a participar en el estudio. Se obtuvieron 2 cultivos nasales de cada paciente, justo antes de entrar en el quirófano, independientemente de si había un test previo de colonización nasal realizada. Una torunda fue usada en el laboratorio de microbiología para cultivo convencional y la otra para el test molecular rápido. Se definió colonización nasal como la positividad para S.aureus por cualquiera de las 2 técnicas. Todos los pacientes fueron seguidos hasta el alta hospitalaria o éxitus. RESULTADOS: Un total de 57 de 200 pacientes (28,5%), estaban colonizados por S. aureus en el momento de la cirugía. En total, 33 pacientes tuvieron ambas muestras positivas (convencional y PCR); 24 pacientes tuvieron cultivo negativo y PCR positiva. Solo el 21% (12/57) de los pacientes colonizados habían tenido un intento de descolonización antes de la cirugía. CONCLUSIÓN: Un porcentaje alto de pacientes están colonizados por S. aureus en el momento de ser sometidos a CCM. Son necesarias nuevas estrategias para prevenir la infección de la herida quirúrgica por este microorganismo. Un test molecular rápido inmediatamente antes de la CCM y descolonización posterior inmediata debe ser evaluado

Selective digestive decontamination solution used as "lock therapy" prevents and eradicates bacterial biofilm in an in vitro bench-top model.

BACKGROUND: Most preventing measures for reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are based mainly on the decolonization of the internal surface of the endotracheal tubes (ETTs). However, it has been demonstrated that bacterial biofilm can also be formed on the external surface of ETTs. Our objective was to test in vitro the efficacy of selective digestive decontamination solution (SDDs) onto ETT to prevent biofilm formation and eradicate preformed biofilms of three different microorganisms of VAP. METHODS: We used an in vitro model in which we applied, at the subglottic space of ETT, biofilms of either P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442, or E. coli ATCC 25922, or S. aureus ATCC 29213, and the SDDs at the same time (prophylaxis) or after 72 h of biofilm forming (treatment). ETT were incubated during 5 days with a regimen of 2 h-locks. ETT fragments were analyzed by sonication and confocal laser scanning microscopy to calculate the percentage reduction of cfu and viable cells, respectively. RESULTS: Median (IQR) percentage reduction of live cells and cfu/ml counts after treatment were, respectively, 53.2% (39.4%-64.1%) and 100% (100%-100.0%) for P. aeruginosa, and 67.9% (46.7%-78.7%) and 100% (100%-100.0%) for E. coli. S. aureus presented a complete eradication by both methods. After prophylaxis, there were absence of live cells and cfu/ml counts for all microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: SDDs used as "lock therapy" in the subglottic space is a promising prophylactic approach that could be used in combination with the oro-digestive decontamination procedure in the prevention of VAP.

In Vitro Study To Evaluate the Bioactivity of Freezing a Heparin-Based Dalbavancin Lock Solution.

The use of dalbavancin as a catheter lock solution must be addressed in depth before implementation in clinical practice. We assessed whether a heparin-based dalbavancin lock solution could be frozen in single-dose vials for 6 months without affecting its bioactivity against biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). Over 6 months, we tested the bioactivity of a frozen solution of dalbavancin (≈1 mg/ml) plus heparin (60 IU) in terms of CFU counts and metabolic activity against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 (MRSE). The Anti-Xa assay was also performed to assess whether the anticoagulant activity of heparin was reduced under freezing. Every month, we compared the mean value of each variable with that obtained at baseline (before freezing, month 0) using both clinical criteria (values were within 25% of the baseline value) and statistical criteria (linear mixed models). At the end of the experiment (month 6), neither a clinically nor a statistically significant reduction in the bioactivity of dalbavancin-heparin solution was observed in terms of CFU counts and metabolic activity against biofilm of MRSA. Regarding MRSE, considering the clinical criteria, neither CFU counts nor metabolic activity decreased significantly. However, the reduction was statistically significant for all variables. Anti-Xa values (mean [standard deviation] international units per milliliter) for heparin in combination with dalbavancin were within 25% of the heparin-water value. A heparin-based dalbavancin lock solution can be frozen for up to 6 months with no effect on its bioactivity against MRSA and MRSE biofilms.

What does really affect the colonization of needleless connectors? / ¿Qué afecta realmente a la colonización de los conectores sin aguja?

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Randomized clinical trial analyzing maintenance of peripheral venous catheters in an internal medicine unit: Heparin vs. saline.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) require adequate maintenance based on heparin or saline locks in order to prevent complications. Heparin has proven effective in central venous catheters, although its use in PVCs remains controversial. Our hypothesis was that saline locks are as effective as heparin locks in preventing problems with PVCs. The objective of the present study was to compare phlebitis and catheter tip colonization rates between PVCs locked with saline and those locked with heparin in patients admitted to an internal medicine department (IMD). METHODS: We performed a 19-month prospective, controlled, open-label, randomized clinical study of patients with at least 1 PVC admitted to the IMD of our hospital. The patients were randomized to receive saline solution (PosiFlush®, group A) or heparin (Fibrilin®, group B) for daily maintenance of the PVC. Clinical and microbiological data were monitored to investigate the frequency of phlebitis, catheter tip colonization, and catheter-related bloodstream infection (C-RBSI), as well as crude mortality, days of hospital stay, and days of antimicrobial treatment. RESULTS: We assessed 339 PVCs (241 patients), of which 192 (56.6%) were locked with saline (group A) and 147 (43.4%) with heparin (group B). The main demographic characteristics of the patients were distributed equally between the 2 study groups. The median (IQR) catheter days was 5 (3-8) for both groups (p = 0.64). The frequency of phlebitis was 17.7% for group A and 13.3% for group B (p = 0.30). The frequency of colonization of PVC tips was 14.6% and 12.2% in groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.63). Only 2 episodes of C-RBSI were detected (1 patient in group A). Saline lock was not an independent factor for phlebitis or catheter colonization. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed no statistically significant differences in the frequency of phlebitis and catheter tip colonization between PVCs locked with saline and PVCs locked with heparin. We suggest that PVC can be maintained with saline solution, as it is safer and cheaper than heparin.

Colonization of the nasal airways by Staphylococcus aureus on admission to a major heart surgery operating room: A real-world experience.

INTRODUCTION: Nasal swab culture is used to identify Staphylococcus aureus colonization, as this is a major risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) in patients who are going to undergo major heart surgery (MHS). We determined nasal carriage of S. aureus in patients undergoing MHS by comparing the yield of a conventional culture with that of a rapid molecular test (Xpert® SA Nasal Complete, Cepheid). METHODS: From July 2015 to April 2017, all patients who were to undergo MHS were invited to participate in the study. We obtained two nasal cultures from each patient just before entering the operating room, independently of a previous test for the determination of nasal colonization by this microorganism performed before surgery. One swab was used for conventional culture in the microbiology laboratory, and the other was used for the rapid molecular test. We defined nasal colonization as the presence of a positive culture for S. aureus using either of the two techniques. All patients were followed up until hospital discharge or death. RESULTS: Overall, 57 out of 200 patients (28.5%) were colonized by S. aureus at the time of surgery. Thirty-three patients had both conventional culture- and PCR-positive results. Twenty-four patients had a negative culture and a positive PCR test. Only twenty-one percent (12/57) of colonized patients had undergone an attempt to decolonise before the surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of patients undergoing MHS are colonized by S. aureus in the nostrils on entering the operating room. New strategies to prevent SSI by this microorganism are needed. Rapid molecular tests immediately before MHS, followed by immediate decolonisation, must be evaluated. Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02640001.

Correction: Is heparinized 40% ethanol lock solution efficient for reducing bacterial and fungal biofilms in an in vitro model?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219098.].

Is heparinized 40% ethanol lock solution efficient for reducing bacterial and fungal biofilms in an in vitro model?

BACKGROUND: We applied an in vitro model to evaluate the efficacy of a heparinized 40% ethanol-based lock solution in a wide variety of clinical isolates causing C-RBSI. METHODS: A total of 100 clinical strains were collected retrospectively from the blood of patients with C-RBSI. The reduction in biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms was measured using the crystal violet (CV) assay and XTT assay, respectively. Regrowth inhibition (RI) was measured within 24 hours and 72 hours of ethanol lock therapy. Percentage reduction of ≥ 85% in RI was considered to be successful. RESULTS: Ethanol lock was more effective in reducing metabolic activity than in reducing biomass (83% vs. 50%, respectively). Percentages of RI diminished as regrowth was prolonged (57% for 24 hours and 17% for 72 hours of regrowth). No statistically significant intraspecies differences were found in biofilm reduction or in RI (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of heparinized 40% ethanol lock solution for 72 hours significantly reduced biomass and metabolic activity in clinical isolates from patients with C-RBSI. However, as biofilm has an important regrowth rate, 40% ethanol solution was not able to fully eradicate biofilm in vitro.